The Genizah

In November 1945, the eyes of the world turned to Nuremberg. Humanity was seeking not only the truth about Nazi crimes but also a vision of what justice might look like in their aftermath. The trials are traditionally associated with a roll call of famous men, but they were only part of the story. Not only were there women involved in the trial in every role―as journalists, researchers, lawyers, interpreters, court reporters, witnesses, artists, and even defendants―but they were pivotal in the trial’s outcome. The Nuremberg Women tells the story of eight women: a brilliant American lawyer, three pioneering journalists, two German, one British, an iconoclastic artist, a beautiful refugee aristocrat, a dauntless survivor of Auschwitz, and a young Russian translator. From the major stories about justice, gender, and politics at a pivotal moment in the twentieth century to the smaller, daily intimate tales of the women’s affairs and bar-room disputes, The Nuremberg Women shows the most famous trial of the twentieth century in a new light―making a brave new case for it having been a more diverse and democratic exercise than has often been recognized. They reveal a Nuremberg that is more intimate, human, and haphazard; one that was lower paid and less publicized. They demonstrate that the trial was remarkable not because it was perfect but because, against all odds, it happened. Thanks to these women and many others, justice was served.

In the decades since the founding of the state of Israel in 1948, many have equated Zionism with Jewish identity—and anti-Zionism with antisemitism. Few remember now that the Zionist movement triggered passionate debate among Jews, with many expressing ambivalence or opposition to the Zionist project. In Jewish Anti-Zionism, Shaul Magid and Zev Mishell have gathered a broad selection of documents, written between the late nineteenth century and the present day, many of them newly translated into English from multiple languages, revealing the rich variety of Jewish opposition to Zionism over the decades. Following Magid and Mishell’s long, authoritative introduction on the history of anti-Zionism among Jews, the book features dozens of texts by Jewish writers from diverse backgrounds discussing why they reject the Zionist idea as the best option for Jewish flourishing. The documents reflect a lively debate carried out though multiple forms—personal letters, essays, speeches, manifestos, newspaper columns, and extracts from learned treatises. The authors range from scholars and other thinkers writing well before the establishment of the state of Israel to well-known contemporary voices including Peter Beinart, Noam Chomsky, Naomi Klein, and Judith Butler. Magid and Mishell preface each text with a short introduction that offers historical and ideological context

Zionism in Translation concerns exchanges―primarily of letters but also drafts, reviews, and other ephemera―sent to or from Jerusalem in the decades after 1948. All were written in German and Hebrew by a fascinating range of literary figures, including Hannah Arendt, Gershom Scholem, Yehuda Amichai, Ludwig Strauss, Erich Auerbach, Walter Benjamin, Leah Goldberg, Peter Szondi, Paul Celan, and Tuvia Ruebner. Na’ama Rokem illuminates the complexities that emerge as the two languages mix in this extraordinary epistolary network. The writers that Rokem studies here contend with the genocidal violence that brought the rich historical relation between German and Hebrew to a seeming end. They also grapple, in different ways, with the new reality in Israel/Palestine in the wake of the founding of the State of Israel and the Palestinian Nakba. The bilingual conversation that crosses over between German and Hebrew in these letters thus centers around the question of Jewish fate in the twentieth century and is immersed in negotiations about Jewish nationalism, the Zionist movement, and the possibilities of Jewish poetry. In the space between German and Hebrew, Rokem argues, the protagonists of her story voice ambivalences and hesitancies not found elsewhere. Zionism in Translation joins a growing body of scholarship that uncovers the complex modes of belonging and resistance that unfold around the Zionist movement in the twentieth century. It will interest all readers concerned with modern Jewish intellectual, cultural, and literary history, the history of Zionism, and writers such as Arendt or Celan.

Holocaust literature for children and young adults reveals the ways we imagine, narrate, communicate, and alter the facts of war, genocide, and trauma. In order to understand the Holocaust and its representations, it is important not to overlook figurative tellings and retellings; this is uniquely apparent in literature for young people, in which such imaginative and metaphorical movements are essential. In Figures of Youth: Metaphor and Imagination in Children's Holocaust Literature, Joanna Krongold explores the depth and breadth of Holocaust literature for young people, from wartime writings to present-day imaginings. Spanning chronological time periods, cultures, and genres, Figures of Youth examines the representational muzzles and creative possibilities of children's and young adult Holocaust literature. The experimentation and inventiveness inherent in literature for young people make it fruitful ground for exploring the complexities of the Holocaust. Figures of Youth charts patterns of representation as time propels authors farther away from the event itself, demonstrating how and why children's literature makes important contributions to the field of Holocaust studies. By placing well-known texts like Anne Frank's diary in conversation with those that have been excluded or ignored in scholarly discourse surrounding Holocaust literature, the author offers a new and innovative understanding of metaphor and figurative dynamics in the representation of genocide.

Moroccan Judeo-Arabic Dialects as Jewish Languages provides an in-depth analysis of the diachrony and synchrony of the Judeo-Arabic dialects formed in Morocco from the 16th onwards, their diversity, their constituents, their forms, their categories, and their uses in community and family life. Drawing on extensive linguistic data from a wide range of sources, including manuscripts and oral performances, this book examines the phonetics, phonology and morphology of the Judeo-Arabic dialects to offer insightful analyses and discoveries. Framed by a theoretical and methodological introduction, this book combines the findings of fieldwork with hundreds of informants from over 130 urban and rural Moroccan Jewish communities, for whom Judeo-Arabic is their mother tongue and primary language, with the advantages of modern linguistic, sociolinguistic, and socio-pragmatic analyses that allow for a better understanding of natural dialectal phenomena and their interpretation. The book will be relevant to scholars of Arabic dialectology, sociolinguistics, and Jewish languages.

In Europe, the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were a time of conflict and creativity about the nature and role of the sacred in private life and public culture. During these decades, the imperial Russian state became more interventionist in the realms of religion and culture, with interests in rationalizing religion and wiping out "superstition." At the same time, urban life gave rise to new forms of religious expression. Rites of Empire explores the religious reform impulse among Jews in the Russian Empire, home to the world's largest Jewish population over the long nineteenth century. Moving beyond the old narrative of Russian Jewry as Orthodox or secular, Ellie R. Schainker shows how many Russian Jews in fact sought a synthesis between modernity and religious Judaism. Rabbis and voices in the newly emerging Jewish press debated reforms to Jewish law regarding dress, head coverings, circumcision, the number of prayers recited each day, sabbath observance, education, dietary rules, divorce laws, burial, and other religious practices. Urban Jewish communities built progressive synagogues in places like Vilnius, Odesa, and Moscow that featured choral music as a sign of modern Jewish expression. The imperial state's allowance and even promotion of Jewish reforms and ritual innovations shifted with the rise of political conservatism at the turn of the twentieth century. Religious reform went from being a political asset to being discredited as sectarian and non-conformist, and the state supported an increasingly politicized Orthodox Judaism as a conservative partner in combating revolution and secularity. Schainker masterfully demonstrates how minority religious behavior was shaped by the imperial state as well as by the minorities themselves. In doing so, she recovers a history of religious diversity that was erased from the memory of Eastern European Jewry during the Soviet years and in the Russian diaspora following mass migration.

A tribute to the life-work of Tessa Rajak, evaluating and engaging with major themes to which she has made ground-breaking contributions to the field of Hellenistic Judaism. Key topics include the study of Josephus as a Jewish historian, of the Greek Bible in its Jewish context, Jewish experiences of ‘diaspora’ life under Greek and Roman rule (including attitudes towards the Roman Empire), the interpretation of Jewish inscriptions, and Jewish creative engagement with the art of translating Jewish traditions into new contexts.

<p><b>An unflinching and up-to-date examination of the latest trends and research in antisemitism</b> <p>In <i>Antisemitism and Jew Hatred: Psychological Perspectives,</i> experienced psychologist and researcher Julie Ancis delivers an insightful and empirically grounded discussion of the social and psychological dimensions of antisemitism. The book offers a collection of groundbreaking perspectives from leading scholars who dissect contemporary antisemitic thought. Together, they explain the impact of online discourse on antisemitism, generational shifts in attitudes towards Israel, Jews, Zionism, and antisemitism, and the cognitive processes that power antisemitic prejudice. <p>The authors provide three comprehensive sections on historical and modern antisemitism. They begin with the historical and present-day manifestations of antisemitism, including its sociocultural, political, and psychological implications. They then cover cutting-edge research on antisemitism, including online trends and detection methods. Finally, the book concludes with extensive information on how to combat antisemitism in the real world. <p><b>Inside the book:</b> <ul> <li>An expansive and authoritative review of the psychological and social foundations of antisemitism</li> <li>Practical strategies for scholars, educators, and researchers interested in combating antisemitism and mitigating its harmful effects</li> <li>An accessible synthesis of new, empirical research, historical analysis, and contemporary trends in technology and society as they pertain to antisemitism</li> </ul> <p>Perfect for professors and researchers of psychology, <i>Antisemitism and Jew Hatred</i> is also a must-read for clinicians, mental health practitioners, researchers with an interest in prejudice, hate, and discrimination, as well as the social and political movements motivated by those things, and undergraduate and graduate students of psychology.

Analysing the past two decades of literature on Holocaust memory and migration stories, Agnes Mueller engages with writers such as W. G. Sebald, Thomas Bernhard, Edgar Hilsenrath, Benjamin Stein, Mirna Funk, Fred Wander, Barbara Honigmann, Julia Franck, Sasha Marianna Salzmann, Olga Grjasnowa, and Kat Kaufmann to explore current debates on Israel, the German Democratic Republic, gender, Jewish and Muslim identity, and antisemitism. Her new readings of German-language texts by younger authors present robust challenges to entrenched ideas concerning the singularity of the Holocaust, multidirectional memory, and a range of other memory debates. Jewish identity and Muslim identity are shown in direct conversation with other migrants' experiences, and literature is revealed to be a brave space where Holocaust memory is newly imagined. Mueller's study invites a radically new way to think about the Holocaust and sheds new and valuable light on adjacent contemporary discourses.

In the past decades, commemorative volumes with contributions from esteemed scholars have been published at each decade anniversary of the Hungarian Holocaust (the ghettoization and deportation of 1944). While these volumes have become milestones in Hungarian research, they rarely contained the research results of young academics who, in the past decades, have caught up with the trends in Western Holocaust research. Therefore, in this publication we not only aim to commemorate the Holocaust in Hungary but also to present new approaches and perspectives, such as the gendered aspect, microhistory, memory research, trauma studies, and so forth. This volume, for the first time, provides a synthesis of current Holocaust research in Hungary for international academics working in the fields of Holocaust studies, genocide studies, and Hungarian studies.

Ever since conquistadores claimed Taino land in the name of their Catholic God and New England Puritans formed their strictly Protestant “city on a hill,” religion has been central to American life. Even as some found religious freedom—Rhode Island welcomed the Quakers, Jews, and Baptists that Massachusetts expelled as dissenters—indigenous people and Africans forced into slavery struggled to protect their religious practices. With the constitutional separation of church and state, it fell to the American people to decide: would they sharpen religion’s formidable powers of division, or reimagine its creative possibilities? In A God-Shaped Nation, Brook Wilensky-Lanford follows this essential American tension from first contact through the 2024 election. This is an expansive history of extraordinary religious questions, told through the ordinary people who grappled with them. It is a story of defiance: Anne Hutchinson, preaching against Puritan clergy; Reform rabbi Isaac Mayer Wise serving soft-shell crab to his kosher guests at an 1883 banquet; and Wovoka, a Paiute man who envisioned the Ghost Dance movement, which persisted in the face of violent government repression at Wounded Knee. It is also a story of community: Millerites waiting together in vain for Jesus’s return on a rainy October night in 1844; Chinese immigrants bringing Daoist and Buddhist gods to their California temples; Mormons pushing westward to build their “new Zion” in Utah. And in the last fifty years, it has been a story of muscular political power, as the religious right has sought to shape the present and paint the past in its own image. At a moment when religion penetrates even the most secular aspects of American life, understanding its history is more essential than ever before. “It is in history that the very human work of religion happens,” Wilensky-Lanford shows us, “and in ordinary time that even the most carved-in-stone tenets can and do change.”

Though Paul Celan's poems are widely appreciated, the richness of his life has escaped scholarly attention. Anna Arno pens the definitive biography of one of the twentieth century's great writers, exploring Celan's Jewish upbringing at the crossroads of European cultures, the ravages of the Holocaust, exile, and his struggles with mental illness.

From the author of the Pulitzer Prize–winning Lords of Finance, a magnificent and timely reckoning with the first truly global financial calamity and the famous banking family at the center of the whirlwind Over the course of the 1850s and 1860s, during the first era of globalization, the world experienced an unprecedented economic boom. Fueling this expansion was an explosion in the global bond market, at the hub of which stood one family—the Rothschilds, arguably the wealthiest banking family in history. While the giant sums of capital provided through the bond market built the railroads, the century’s most transformative investments, the money raised also unleashed a frenzy of speculation, massive overinvestment, and wasteful borrowing by governments. With excessive euphoria leading to disappointed expectations, in the early 1870s the bubble burst. Stock markets from Vienna to New York crashed, and dozens of railroads and many governments defaulted. Financial officials responded by blundering into a precipitous remaking of the global currency system—exacerbating the ensuing economic collapse and setting the stage for decades of a punitive deflation that sparked waves of anti-globalist populism. As Liaquat Ahamed shows us in this enthralling history, the crisis of 1873 was, among other things, a death blow to Reconstruction in the United States and the proximate cause of the Ottoman Empire’s slow death spiral. Ironically, though the Rothschilds had presciently kept a low profile during the bubble, when the deluge came, they were viciously scapegoated as part of a wider hatred directed at “Jewish finance,” a strain of antisemitism that would come to full evil flower during the twentieth century. 1873 is a bird’s-eye reckoning with the full dimension of the crisis, from its buildup to its long aftermath. The Rothschilds and a cast of other witnesses give us the human perspective. And we have a brilliant financial historian’s grasp of the larger forces at play, resulting in a global narrative with thrilling explanatory power.

A Collector’s Odyssey presents a case of agency and moxie in the face of ruthless Nazi persecution and organized plunder. It reconstructs the untold story of wartime refugee Marie-Anne von/de Goldschmidt-Rothschild and ascertains the contents and trajectory of her art collection. Yet it is less about provenance, or transfers of ownership, than about one collector’s resistance to relinquishing ownership. Beginning with the collection’s inception in Berlin and spanning two World Wars, it traces artworks secretly relocated to Paris, haltingly transported to the U.S., exhibited there, repatriated, then quietly dispersed. Her in-laws’ respective cases of despoliation and exile further highlight what Jewish collectors faced in Nazi Germany. This book restores their stories to memory, countering the Reich's intended erasure.

According to a widely held view in eighteenth-century Britain, Britons were somehow inherently unmusical, and this supposed shortcoming was, in fact, a virtue. George Colman explicated this view when he wrote in 1762 that "for arts and arms, a Briton is the thing! John Bull was made to roar―but not to sing." However, he was responding to an already changing cultural landscape. The 1760s saw the emergence of English-language opera, and the rise of a new generation of British singers ready and able to perform it. In response to long-held suspicions toward Italian opera and its singers, this turn was a bold attempt to offer British audiences a new vision of themselves: as a singing nation. This is the book's central theme: the question of whether Britons could sing, and how it was negotiated in public discourse within an evolving cultural landscape. Drawing on a wide variety of primary sources, the text follows three groups of groundbreaking singers―high-pitched men, virtuosic prima donnas, and Jews―who sought to shift the landscape of opera in Britain, all the while challenging the prevailing gender norms and social categories. These attempts gave rise to a certain interplay―between an evolving cultural form seeking approval, and an insistent reticence that clung to the conventional. Eventually, the effort to adopt opera as a national vehicle, over a period of several decades, only helped to galvanize a guarded attitude toward music―an attitude that Britons were forced to admit was constitutive of their national identity.

Taking an innovative approach to the study of religious literature and literary modernity, this book examines an overlooked body of texts – collections of Hasidic hagiographic stories about pious leaders, which were mass-produced during the nineteenth century – and makes a compelling argument for reading these works as a crucial part of modern Jewish literature. Despite criticism from members of the Jewish Enlightenment, who dismissed the leisure reading of these Hasidic booklets as lowbrow, the texts found a thriving audience in Eastern European Jewish society. In a nuanced study, Chen Mandel-Edrei challenges the conventional view of Hasidic literature as inherently anti-modern, and demonstrates how these popular stories presented a unique alternative path for Jewish modernity.Placing Hasidic storytelling and publishing in sociopolitical context, Mandel-Edrei centers the reading and writing practices of the ordinary people who drove the success of the hagiographic genre, particularly in Galicia following the 1848 revolutions. She analyzes how Hasidic writers actively engaged with modern political, philosophical, and aesthetic ideas, adapting them to their traditional way of life and reimagining concepts like individuality and communal identity. Deftly combining literary analysis and cultural history, this book illuminates the interplay between religion, mysticism, and the emergence of mass print culture, shedding new light on the history of Hasidism, Jewish literature, and modernity itself.

In the sixteenth century, amid the horrors of war, the Jews of Venice were forced to live in a fortress-like area known as the Ghetto. Born out of religious hatred and economic necessity, this was the first time the entire Jewish population of a city was segregated so completely. In the centuries that followed, the Venetian Ghetto would become the prototype for ghettos throughout Europe-and paved the way for modern antisemitism. But this is also a tale of hope. Against the odds, the Ghetto's residents thrived, creating a vibrant literary, musical, and religious community. They became essential to the survival of Venice itself-and as more Jewish refugees arrived, the Ghetto became a microcosm of the Jewish world. Tracing its story from its medieval origins to the present day, Alexander Lee explores the Ghetto through the eyes of its Jewish inhabitants, from the domestic troubles of a seventeenth-century rabbi to the agonizing wait of a family bound for Auschwitz. Authoritative, detailed, and timely, this definitive history not only shows what happens when war and economics collide with hatred-but also offers a powerful warning for the future

This volume sits at the crossroads between Holocaust studies and the history of migration and examines how different forms of migration, broadly understood, were part of the preparation, organization, and execution of the Holocaust. Such a comprehensive analysis of the intersection between the Holocaust and phenomena of migration during this period is currently missing from historiography. Therefore, larger questions are addressed such as: How can research on migration during and after the Holocaust illuminate the latter and vice-versa? How did displacement affect vulnerability and complicity of populations and their memory? Were there opportunities for escape and flight from the Holocaust and under what circumstances? What roles played citizenship, gender, and race in the intersection of migration and the Holocaust? Did the destruction by the Holocaust also destroy the memory of those who were uprooted?

In a 1790 letter to Rhode Island Jewish leader Moses Seixas, President George Washington responded to Seixas’s concerns about Jewish persecution, assuring him that America “gives to bigotry no sanction, to persecution no assistance, [and] requires only that they who live under its protection should demean themselves as good citizens.” Historians have typically identified this letter as a symbol of American Jewish exceptionalism, the idea that Jewish life in the United States has been qualitatively distinct from, indeed better than, Jewish life in Europe. Undergirding this idea is the claim that antisemitism has been a relatively minor force in American Jewish life. In this volume, Britt P. Tevis upends this narrative to reveal various manifestations of Jewish inequality in American history, highlighting the ways that Jews have encountered limited civil and political rights. Using a remarkable array of primary sources, Tevis traces the history of antisemitism in the United States from 1654 to 2024. Comprising government reports, judicial decisions, correspondence, advertisements, cartoons, social media posts, and more, this documentary reader presents examples of antisemitism in nine overlapping categories: church and state, disenfranchisement, racialization, defamation, antisemitism and anti-Black racism, immigration and citizenship, exclusion and segregation, violence, and anti-Zionism. Tevis also shows how Jews have reacted to instances of inequality and have negotiated their place in America, both as individuals and as a community. Collectively, these documents expose readers to the underexplored history of anti-Jewish discrimination in America, and the ways that Jews have championed and defended American ideals in the face of inequality.

This book presents a comprehensive introduction to the broad and developing field of women, gender, and sexuality in the Holocaust. Adopting a multi-disciplinary approach that incorporates global, gender fluid, and intersectional perspectives, it examines experiences of Nazi Germany, the Nazi-occupied territories, ghettos, camps, resistance and rescue, and partisan movements. Women, Gender, and Sexuality in the Holocaust synthesizes fresh approaches and frameworks in Holocaust and gender studies research, addressing topics including female perpetrators, sexual violence, masculinity, and queer experiences. Rose introduces readers to interpretations from a wide range of fields, from film and photography to law and psychology. Recognizing the importance of understanding the events of the Holocaust in their historical context, the text begins with an examination of gender roles prior to the rise of the Nazis and expands to include the aftermath and the legacy of the Holocaust through the lens of gender and sexuality. With timelines and definitions of key terminology, this is an essential and accessible resource for students and scholars of the Holocaust, gender studies, and genocide studies as well as all those seeking a better understanding of this evolving discipline.

Homogenization, Monochromatic Rendering, And The Process Of Schematic Imposition Is Readily Apparent In Modern Mainstream Jewish French Politics. The Jewish Maghreb Explores Complex Self And Communal Understandings Of Maghrebi Jewish Populations And Their Descendants In France Through Ethnography Across Generations. This Study Examines How Colonial History, Migration, And Geopolitics Shape Ongoing Maghrebi Belonging. From Commercial Networks In Paris To Algerian Pilgrimage Journeys, The Book Reveals Communal North African Jewish Navigation Of Plural Sediments Of Self And History. The Heuristic 'maghrebinicité,' Works To Illuminate Ongoing Negotiations Of Memory, Citizenship, And Cultural Transmission In Postcolonial France, Offering Fresh Insights Into Diaspora, Return, And The Persistence Of Transnational Connections.

"Palestinian Aziz Abu Sarah and Israeli Maoz Inon are unlikely peacemakers, dedicated to finding a solution to the bitter war that has decimated historical, ancient land and ended family lines. Despite the losses they have suffered, the resolve of their friendship has taught them that strength and unity are more powerful than the violence of separation. Throughout their travels, they have been constantly asked: In the face of so much pain and suffering on both sides, when there have been so many lives lost and families shattered, how can they ever find hope? Their answer is always the same. One cannot find hope. We must create it. In The Future Is Peace, Sarah and Inon take readers on their unforgettable weeklong journey across the holy land while exploring each other's personal and national histories in a land of competing narratives, amid the turbulent push and pull of near constant war, and the recent devastation that has rocked the world. Their mission-to explain the naivete in believing that more violence can bring security and prosperity to either people while in search of a true and lasting peace. Pairing unapologetic candor and inspirational prose, Sarah and Inon are sending a message to humanity that the people have the power to make change. Peace is achievable, not just between the river and the sea, but throughout the world"-- Provided by publisher.

"What happens to a writer's work when it is translated–specifically, what happens if his name is Franz Kafka?" In Kafkaesque, Maïa Hruska traces the strange, shape-shifting legacy of one of literature’s most elusive figures—not through traditional biography but through the lives of his earliest and most influential translators. With rigor and élan, she shows us how our understanding of Kafka is inevitably filtered through these voices, many of whom were, or would become, major writers and thinkers in their own right. Jorge Luis Borges rendered Kafka into Spanish, recognizing in him a fellow architect of the infinite. Primo Levi used the German he acquired in a concentration camp to bring The Trial into Italian despite the “psychoanalytic repulsion” he felt toward Kafka. Bruno Schulz published his Polish edition of the same novel before being shot by a Nazi officer. Vladimir Nabokov annotated The Metamorphosis in exile, having undergone his own transformation–from native to foreigner. Milena Jesenská, Kafka’s great love, translated him into Czech, a language he was both surrounded by and estranged from. What emerges across these essays isn’t just a portrait of a legendary writer and his translators but also a portrait of the twentieth century itself—its fractures and displacements, its aesthetic revolutions, its ethical crises. Part cultural history, part group biography, Kafkaesque is a dazzling meditation on language, identity, and the irreducible strangeness of reading and being read.

Just Language revisits the Weimar period and its representation in the postwar years to explore narratives of linguistic resistance in the works of Walter Benjamin, Theodor W. Adorno, Hannah Arendt, and Paul Celan. How did this generation of exile writers grapple with their experiences of oppression and persecution? How did they create a language of resistance during the decades that prepared the Third Reich and the Shoah? Facing the devastations of World War I, the book explores how Walter Benjamin analyzed language’s ability to radically break the cyclical violence of war and examines his opposition to expansionism and imperialism in Weimar education and culture. Based on Benjamin’s analysis, Johannßen traces the postwar responses of Hannah Arendt and Paul Celan. While Arendt proposed strategies of metaphorical thinking to counteract the formation of totalitarianism, Celan mobilized silence as a poetic counterforce against oppression and erasure. Just Language argues that every linguistic act and practice, no matter how small or marginalized, entails the ethical task of opposing the normalization and institutionalization of political violence. By tracing how Benjamin and his interlocutors struggled against German fascism, Johannßen presents a memory-based critique of linguistic violence, opening a dialogue between German-Jewish writers and today’s debates on nondiscrimination, propaganda, and social justice.

This story begins with Molly Crabapple's discovery of the art and ephemera left behind by her great-grandfather, Sam Rothbort. Sam was a rough-and-tumble kid who worked at a tannery deep in the Pale of Settlement in 19th century Russia. As a young man he discovered that he was not just a laborer, but an artist--and soon after that, a revolutionary, enlisted in the strikes, street fights, and study groups of a new group of radicals sweeping the Pale: the Jewish Bund. Crabapple saw herself not just in her great-grandfather's career as an artist, but in his revolutionary inclinations. In the story of the Bund, she discovered a movement of artists, philosophers, working people, and street fighters with a thrilling utopian vision for the world. The founders of the Bund understood themselves as Jews--people with a special history of oppression--but also as part of an international movement that rejected all forms of ethnonationalism. They fought for this vision in parlors, cafes, battlefields and prison camps. Their ideas helped spark the Russian Revolution, which soon swept them aside. Their fighters battled pogromists in an age of nationalism and their leaders tangled with Zionists over the destiny of the Jewish people. Their last stand was in Nazi-occupied Warsaw, where they helped lead a doomed uprising, the heroic and tragic climax to their story. In retelling the epic history of the Bund and its extraordinary cast of characters during one of the most politically and culturally volatile periods in European history, Crabapple asks a critical question: did the Bund fail because of an unworkable dream of solidarity? Or did the world, in thrall to zero-sum nationalism, fail the Bund? This dynamic story is driven by that urgent question--and offers a new lens through which to see our contemporary struggles.

Throughout the history of the Western world, Jews have suffered various forms of exclusion, stigmatisation, and discrimination that have forced them always to be aware of their very particular situation. The Jews became a community under siege and, as Shlomo Sand argues, Judaism was shaped by the hostile gaze of Christian civilization. While the forms of hostility endured by the Jews have varied over the centuries, it is impossible to understand twentieth century anti-Judaism, or Jewish identity itself, without taking account of the sediments of mental hatred, fuelled by religious belief, which have survived the passage of time. While antisemitism is the term commonly used today, Sand prefers ‘Judeophobia’, which predates the appearance of ‘antisemitism’ and is more precise. Looking back over the centuries, he seeks to identify some of the stages in the age-old, incandescent hatred of the Jews and tries to understand what remains today of this trenchant hostility. He also questions whether Zionism, born as a distressed response to modern Judeophobia, has ended up mirroring it. To what extent has Zionism inherited the ideological foundations that have always been characteristic of the persecutors of the Jews? This concise history of anti-Jewish hatred will be of great interest to anyone concerned with one of the most insidious and persistent features of Western civilization. Throughout the history of the Western world, Jews have suffered various forms of exclusion, stigmatisation, and discrimination that have forced them always to be aware of their very particular situation. The Jews became a community under siege and, as Shlomo Sand argues, Judaism was shaped by the hostile gaze of Christian civilization. While the forms of hostility endured by the Jews have varied over the centuries, it is impossible to understand twentieth century anti-Judaism, or Jewish identity itself, without taking account of the sediments of mental hatred, fuelled by religious belief, which have survived the passage of time. While antisemitism is the term commonly used today, Sand prefers ‘Judeophobia’, which predates the appearance of ‘antisemitism’ and is more precise. Looking back over the centuries, he seeks to identify some of the stages in the age-old, incandescent hatred of the Jews and tries to understand what remains today of this trenchant hostility. He also questions whether Zionism, born as a distressed response to modern Judeophobia, has ended up mirroring it. To what extent has Zionism inherited the ideological foundations that have always been characteristic of the persecutors of the Jews? This concise history of anti-Jewish hatred will be of great interest to anyone concerned with one of the most insidious and persistent features of Western civilization.